Updated by: Arabinda Naik
Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs) are a popular and effective contraceptive method used by women to delay or prevent pregnancy. These devices are inserted into the uterus through the vagina by a trained healthcare professional, such as a doctor or nurse. IUDs are one of the most widely accepted contraception methods in India due to their long-lasting and reliable nature.
4.8.5.1 Types of IUDs
Example: Lippes's loop. These devices do not release any medication or hormones but act as a physical barrier in the uterus.
Examples: Cu-T, Cu-7, Multiload 375. These IUDs release copper ions, which help suppress sperm motility and their fertilizing capacity. Copper increases phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus.
Examples: Progestasert, LNG-20. These IUDs release hormones, such as progesterone or levonorgestrel, which make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and disrupt sperm function by releasing toxic cytokines.
4.8.5.5 Mechanism of Action
Copper IUDs: Release copper ions that enhance sperm phagocytosis within the uterus. This reduces sperm mobility and fertilization capacity. Copper release from the device occurs at a rate of about 50 mg/day and is effective for 3-5 years.
Hormone-releasing IUDs: These devices slowly release hormones that alter the uterine environment, making it hostile to sperm and preventing embryo implantation.
4.8.5.6 Maintenance and Lifespan
IUDs need to be replaced every 3-5 years when the effectiveness of copper release decreases due to calcium deposition on the device.