Updated by: Arabinda Naik
Anovulation (no ovulation): there is no corpus luteum formation.
Luteal phase defect (LPD): drug induces ovulation and decreases the level of FSH and LH. Defective growth of the uterus and vagina.
Ineffective sperm penetration: chronic cervicitis (cervicitis is inflammation of the cervix (the lower end of the uterus that opens into the vagina). Cervicitis is common. It may be caused by several factors including infections, chemical or physical irritations, and allergies. Presence of anti-sperm antibodies, elongation of the cervix. Fimbriae of the fallopian tube may not pick off secondary oocytes from the ovary.
Dyspareunia: painful sexual intercourse experienced by women. Fertilization and implantation failure.
Early miscarriage: miscarriage or spontaneous abortion, which is defined as the spontaneous loss of pregnancy in the first 20 weeks, is the most common type of pregnancy loss.
Ectopic pregnancy: An ectopic pregnancy occurs when an egg has been fertilized outside of the womb most often in the fallopian tubes. If this happens the pregnancy will often normally end but if left untreated or undiagnosed. it can be very serious.
Tubectomy: The tubectomy procedure, also called tubal sterilization, is a permanent method of contraception for women. It involves surgically blocking the fallopian tubes so that the egg the ovary releases cannot reach the uterus. Approximately 10 cm long tubes are attached to either side of the uterus.
Macrophages increased spark phagocytosis by Macrophages: increased sperm phagocytosis by macrophages may be the causes of infertility.
Uterine factor: unfavorable endometrium for implantation, chronic endometritis (endometritis is an inflammatory condition of the lining of the uterus and is usually due to an infection. Chronic inflammation may hinder the normal implantation of an embryo and its subsequent development).
Fibroid uterus: (uterine fibroid or benign tumors that originate in the uterus. although they are composed of some smooth muscle fibers such as the uterine wall myometrium, they are much denser than normal myometrium may be the cause of infertility.
PCOS: (polycystic ovary syndrome) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a condition that affects a woman’s hormone levels. Women with PCOS produce higher than normal amounts of male hormones. this hormone imbalance causes them to skip menstrual periods and makes it harder for them to get pregnant.
Hyperprolactinemia: if the prolactin level is high the woman is not pregnant. It may affect ovulation and fertility.
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs): women who take aspirin in the long term may find it harder to conserve.
If women have an ovulation disorder, she will be prescribed fertility drugs that regulate ovulation. These include clomiphene, metformin, HMG (human menopausal gonadotropin), FSH, human chorionic gonadotropin, and Bromocriptine.If the fallopian tube is blocked surgery may repair them making it easier for eggs to pass through them. A small incision is made in the woman's abdomen. Laparoscopy is inserted through the incision.