What is AMH

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a protein hormone that plays a critical role in the development of the reproductive system in both males and females. It is produced by the testes in males and the ovaries in females before birth. The main function of AMH is to regulate sexual differentiation during fetal development. AMH ensures that the Müllerian ducts, which would normally develop into female reproductive organs (fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina), disappear. This allows the male reproductive system to develop properly. With the help of testosterone, AMH allows the Wolffian ducts to develop into male reproductive structures such as: Vas deferens (sperm transport tube). Epididymis (sperm storage and maturation site). 

Seminal vesicles (fluid-producing glands for semen). AMH ensures that the testes remain in the scrotum rather than staying in the abdomen (prevents cryptorchidism or undescended testes). AMH levels remain high in fetal development and early childhood but decrease after puberty.

 

AMH is produced in small amounts by the ovaries, but it does not cause Müllerian duct regression (since females need their Müllerian ducts to form the uterus and fallopian tubes). It plays a role in regulating ovarian follicle development (important for fertility). AMH prevents the development of female reproductive structures in males, ensuring they develop male reproductive organs instead. If AMH levels are too low in a male fetus, the Müllerian ducts may persist, leading to: Ambiguous genitalia (external genitals that do not clearly appear male or female). Development of both male and female structures (Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome). In females, a lack of AMH allows normal development of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina.